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What are pharmaceutical intermediates?

Pharmaceutical intermediates are chemical compounds widely used in manufacturing various types of drugs in bulk quantity and also used for research and development by Pharmaceutical and biopharma companies.

Pharmaceutical Intermediates Market - About the Report

Pharmaceutical intermediates are used as raw materials during the manufacture of bulk drugs. Leading biopharmaceutical and pharmaceutical manufacturing companies are focusing on improving their product footprint globally. These companies are focusing on strengthening their product reach in different countries across the world through various distribution channels. Growth outlook therefore remains positive for pharmaceutical intermediates market as companies continue focusing on enhancing the capacities of their manufacturing plants in various countries of the world.

In its new study, ESOMAR-certified market research and consulting firm Future Market Insights (FMI) offers insights about key factors fuelling demand for pharmaceutical intermediates. The report tracks the global sales of pharmaceutical intermediates in 20+ high-growth markets, along with analyzing the impact COVID-19 has on the pharmaceutical industry in general and the market in particular.

D-Cycloserine Intermediates

Human brain imaging studies indicate that the medial prefrontal cortex activity can predict more than 80% of the variance of chronic back pain intensity. Therefore, the investigators have hypothesized that modulation of brain activity at this site should result in analgesia. D-cycloserine Intermediates have been shown to potentiate conditioned fear extinction. Based on this the investigators hypothesize that chronic neuropathic pain (back pain with radiculopathy) is partially mediated or potentiated by decreased ability to extinguish the pain memory, which the investigators hypothesize to be mediated through reward/aversion brain circuitry, and specifically through the medial prefrontal cortex. They have tested this idea in pre-clinical studies and demonstrated that rats with neuropathic pain show analgesia over the long term when treated with D-cycloserine. In humans with chronic back pain, the investigators hypothesize that D-cycloserine will enhance the extinction of back pain which in turn should result in reduced emotional relevance of the pain, that is reduced suffering. It is quite possible that the overall intensity of the back pain will be unaffected, however, the associated suffering will be significantly attenuated.

Atazanavir

Atazanavir Intermediates are used along with other medications to treat human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection in adults and children who are at least 3 months of age and weigh at least 22 lb (10 kg). Atazanavir is in a class of medications called protease inhibitors. It works by decreasing the amount of HIV in the blood. Although atazanavir does not cure HIV, it may decrease your chance of developing acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) and HIV-related illnesses such as serious infections or cancer. Atazanavir must be given with other medications that treat HIV infection to completely treat the infection. Taking these medications along with practicing safer sex and making other lifestyle changes may decrease the risk of transmitting the HIV virus to other people.

How should this medicine be used?

Atazanavir comes as a capsule and as a powder to take by mouth. Atazanavir capsules are taken with food once a day and maybe given with a pharmacokinetic booster (medication given to increase the levels of another drug in the body) such as ritonavir or cobicistat. Atazanavir powder must be taken with food and ritonavir. Take atazanavir at around the same time every day. Follow the directions on your prescription label carefully, and ask your doctor or pharmacist to explain any part you do not understand. Take atazanavir exactly as directed. Do not take more or less of it or take it more often than prescribed by your doctor.

What Is an Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient (API)?

The Pharmaceutical API is the part of any drug that produces the intended effects. Some drugs, such as combination therapies, have multiple active ingredients to treat different symptoms or act in different ways.

Production of Pharmaceutical APIs has traditionally been done by the pharmaceutical companies themselves in their home countries. But in recent years many corporations have opted to send manufacturing overseas to cut costs. This has caused significant changes to how these drugs are regulated, with more rigorous Federal Drug Administration (FDA) guidelines and inspections put into place. ;

Components of Medications

All drugs are made up of two core components—the API, the central ingredient, and the excipient, the substances other than the drug that help deliver the medication to your system. Excipients are chemically inactive substances, such as lactose or mineral oil in the pill, reports Molkem, a chemical exporter.

Strength of APIs

Manufacturers use certain standards to determine how strong the API is in each drug. However, the standard can vary widely from one brand and process to another. Each brand might use different test methods, that can result in different potencies.

In all cases, manufacturers are required by the FDA to prove the potency of their products in real-life patients, as well as in laboratory conditions.

DISPERSE DYES

Unlike many other types of dyes, disperse dyes are far less water-soluble than other dyes such as acid dyes. As a result, disperse dyes are more commonly used in dye bath solutions. Disperse dyes achieve their best results when the dying process takes place at high temperatures. Specifically, solutions around 120°C to 130°C enable disperse dyes to perform at their optimal levels, enabling the dye to be more evenly distributed and more bold, while at lower temperatures, disperse dyes may result in uneven and less vibrant coloring results.

What are Disperse Dyes used for?

Due to their chemical properties and the behavior detailed above, disperse dyes are typically used for coloring synthetic fibers such as polyester, nylon, acrylic, and acetate rayon. Most forms of polyester are hydrophobic and lack ionic properties, which makes them nearly impossible to color with anything other than dispersed dyes.

In addition, at regular temperatures, even when submerged in a dye bath, polyester fibers do not swell, making it difficult for dye molecules to interact with the material. Even at the boiling temperature—of 100°C —the dyeing of polyester is problematic.

For this reason, when dyeing polyester, disperse dyes are used in dye bath solutions at temperatures around 20 to 30° higher than the boiling point of the dye bath solution. At these elevated temperatures required to color polyester, disperse dyes are known to maintain their molecular integrity. For the same reasons that disperse dyes are used to dye polyester, they are also used to dye other synthetic materials that are nonionic. The fact that disperse dyes possess no cationic or anionic tendencies is perhaps the most classifiable characteristic of disperse dyes.

Disperse dyes can also be used in resins and plastics for surface and general coloring uses.

Liquid dispersed dye of the azo or anthraquinone type

A liquid dispersed dye of the azo or anthraquinone type that includes a dispersing agent and dispersing assistant in order to keep the dye dissolved in liquid without sedimentation. The preferred dispersing agent is a sulfonated lignin salt and the preferred dispersing assistant is a surfactant such as polyethylene glycol epoxide ether (EO-1), polyethylene glycol phenolic-formaldehyde epoxide ether (EO-2), or polyethylene glycol amino methylene epoxide ether (EO-3).

This invention concerns liquid dispersed dyes of the azo and anthraquinone types, particularly non-soluble dyes mixed with a dispersing agent and a dispersing assistant in order to allow the non-soluble dye to dissolve or evenly disperse in the liquid, thus providing the dye with excellent thermal and storing stability. The liquid dispersed dye of the azo or anthraquinone type is capable of holding of a homogenous liquid phase to prevention of sedimentation.

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Topics and categories on The BidAmount Asian Art Forum | Chinese Art

Kangxi vases, Kangxi dishes and chargers, Kangxi ritual pieces, Kangxi scholar's objects, Qianlong famille rose, Qianlong enamels, Qianlong period paintings, Qianlong Emporer's court, Fine porcelain of the Yongzheng period. Chinese imperial art, Ming porcelain including Jiajing, Wanli, Xuande, Chenghua as well as Ming jades and bronzes.

Join the BidAmount Chinese and Asian art discussion board and forum today

The BidAmount Asian Art Forum | Chinese Art

A free Asian art discussion board and Asian art message board for dealers and collectors of art and antiques from China, Japan, Korea, Thailand, Cambodia, Vietnam and the rest of Asia. Linked to all of the BidAmount Asian art reference areas, with videos from plcombs Asian Art and Bidamount on YouTube. Sign up also for the weekly BidAmount newsletter and catalogs of active eBay listing of Chinese porcelain, bronze, jades, robes, and paintings.

Ancient Chinese Art - Ancient History Encyclopedia

The art of calligraphy - and for the ancient Chinese it certainly was an art - aimed to demonstrate superior control and skill using brush and ink. Calligraphy established itself as one of the major Chinese art forms during the Han dynasty (206 BCE - 220 CE), and for two millennia after, all educated men were expected to be proficient at it.

Arts of Asia | The Museum of Fine Arts, Houston

The Museum’s collections of Asian art span nearly five millennia and encompass the cultures of China, the Himalayas, India, Japan, Korea, and Southeast Asia. In 2007, the Museum launched an initiative to create dedicated galleries for the collection, beginning with a gallery for the arts of Korea ...

Chinese Art: Characteristics, History - Art Encyclopedia

Chinese art is full of symbolism, in that artists typically seek to depict some aspect of a totality of which they are intuitively aware.

China Online Museum - Chinese Art Galleries: Home

China Online Museum is the finest online museum of Chinese art. It features Chinese calligraphy, painting, ceramics, bronzes, carving, and other artworks.

Chinese Ceramics & Works of Art | Christie's

Chinese Ceramics & Works of Art. Overview Upcoming auctions Contacts Auction results ... Christie’s sales of Chinese ceramics and works of art showcase centuries of Chinese history. Held throughout the year in London, New York, Paris and Hong Kong, they attract a wide audience of collectors and connoisseurs vying for pieces as diverse as ...

Fine Chinese Paintings | Christie's

Explore Asian Art Week. Contact the Specialist Department. Chinese Paintings ... Senior Specialist, Head of Sale. [email protected]. Tel:+1 212 641 5760. Bid in-person or online for the upcoming auction:Fine Chinese Paintings on 10 September 2019 at New York. Bid in-person or online for the upcoming auction:Fine Chinese Paintings on 10 ...

Asian Art Week | New York | September 2019 | Christie's

Discover an abundance of must-see art from all corners of a vast continent at Christie’s NY Asian Art Week. From contemporary classical and Chinese paintings to works with exemplary provenance from the Art Institute of Chicago, our Rockefeller Paza galleries will be full of ancient treasures and contemporary masterworks in a salute to the vibrant arts of Asia.

Chinese Art from The Art Institute of Chicago | Christie's

Sold to benefit The Art Institute of Chicago’s Asian Art Acquisition Fund, the sale features 84 lots with a focus on Ming and Qing porcelains, and offers a rare insight into the taste for collecting Chinese ceramics and works of art in the Midwest from the end of the 19th century through the 1980s. Highlights include two Wanli wucai garlic-head vases, a Qianlong mark and period, blue and ...

Chinese Art in Hong Kong: A Brief ... - Christie's Education

Specialist, Chinese Paintings, Christie's London Dr Malcolm McNeill is a Specialist in Chinese Paintings at Christie’s, based in London. He previously worked as an assistant curator of the Chinese collections and the Victoria and Albert Museum in London, as a researcher at the British Museum, and as a translator and tour guide at the National Palace Museum in Taipei.

The Christie's Education 2020 Conference: The Chinese Art ...

The Christie's Education 2020 Conference: The Chinese Art Market 18 Jun 2019 Christie’s Education is delighted to announce our first international academic conference in Asia which will take place in Hong Kong from 26-27 November 2020 at the Hong Kong Convention and Exhibition Centre and will run in parallel with Christie’s Hong Kong Autumn Auctions.

Chinese Art | Sotheby's

The summer Chinese Art sale in Hong Kong will feature works of art from several private collections, including Qing porcelains and textile from the collection of the legendary Chinese art dealer A. W. Bahr (1877–1959), fine gilt bronze Buddhist sculptures from an old Hong Kong collection, an East Asian collection of Qing dynasty wine cups and jades, and a Japanese collection of Song ceramics ...

Chinese Art Auctions - Chinese Paintings ... - Sothebys.com

Sotheby's Chinese Works of Art Department holds two auctions each year in London, New York, Hong Kong and Paris.

Chinese Art | Sotheby's

Chinese Art - View Auction details, bid, buy and collect the various artworks at Sothebys Art Auction House.

Important Chinese Art | Sotheby's

With more than 340 Chinese works of art dating from the Neolithic to the Republic periods, highlights of this sale include a selection of Qing Imperial monochromes from the collection of Arnold and Blema Steinberg, early ceramics from the Art Institute of Chicago and Chinese porcelain and works of art from the collection of Henry Arnhold.

Important Chinese Art | Sotheby's

Results: Sotheby's Asia Week achieved $52.4 million in six strong auctions, exceeding pre-sale estimates. With 76.5% of lots sold and 60.3% of lots surpassing high estimates, the Asian art sales at Sotheby's indicate continued collector interest in the finest works of art from China, India and and the Himalayas.

Important Chinese Art | Sotheby's

Today's sale of Important Chinese Art will proceed as planned with sessions at 10 AM and 2 PM EDT. Sotheby's will be monitoring the weather conditions throughout the day and will be available to coordinate alternative bidding options should conditions make it difficult for clients to attend the auction in person.

Bonhams : Chinese Works of Art

Bonhams Chinese Art department is renowned for offering the finest works of art representing the richness and breadth of China's artistic heritage, particularly Imperial porcelain, white and spinach green jades, cloisonné and Buddhist art. Specialised international auctions are held globally, including London, Hong Kong and San Francisco.

Bonhams : Chinese Works of Art

Bonhams : Chinese Works of Art We use cookies to remember choices you make on functionality and personal features to enhance your experience to our site. By continuing to use our site you consent to the use of cookies. Please refer to our privacy and cookie policies for more information.

Bonhams : Fine Chinese Paintings and Works of Art

Bonhams Fine Art Auctioneers & Valuers: auctioneers of art, pictures, collectables and motor cars. We use cookies to remember choices you make on functionality and personal features to enhance your experience to our site. By continuing to use our site you consent to the use of cookies. ... Chinese Art (US) General enquiries

Bonhams : Fine Chinese Art

Bonhams : Fine Chinese Art We use cookies to remember choices you make on functionality and personal features to enhance your experience to our site. By continuing to use our site you consent to the use of cookies. Please refer to our privacy and cookie policies for more information.

Bonhams : Asian Art

Bonhams Fine Art Auctioneers & Valuers: auctioneers of art, pictures, collectables and motor cars Bonhams : Asian Art We use cookies to remember choices you make on functionality and personal features to enhance your experience to our site.

Bonhams | Asian Art in London

Bonhams are international auctioneers of fine Chinese and Japanese art. We specialise in rare Imperial and Export Chinese ceramics and works of art, as well as Japanese ceramics, fine and decorative works of art from the Neolithic Period to the 20th century. View on map

Bonhams : Asian Art

The BidAmount Asian Art Forum | Chinese Art

The Chinese and Asian Art Forum. For Fans, Collectors and Dealers.

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